tl;dr
- Numbered block params (
_1,_2, etc.) are reserved and read-only, whileit(the new block param in Ruby 3.4) has different mutation rules for compatibility. - Using combined assignment operators (e.g.
+=,&&=), numbered block params could be overwritten without error due to a discrepancy between parse.y and Prism (Ruby’s default parser since 3.3). - A patch has been applied to Prism in Ruby 3.4.2 to explicitly check for writes to numbered params via combined assignment operators.
The Bug
In Ruby, block-local numbered parameters (_1, _2, etc.) provide a concise way to reference block arguments without explicit naming. They have received renewed attention recently with the introduction of the it parameter in Ruby 3.4.
Though they serve a similar purpose, numbered parameters are designed to be read-only, while it is intentionally mutable for backward compatibility reasons.
In Bug #21117, radarek (Radosław Bułat) identified inconsistencies in how Ruby handles assignments to _1 and it. Most concerning was that _1 could be modified in specific cases, violating its intended immutability.
Direct assignment correctly raises SyntaxError:
irb(main):001> [1, 2, 3].each { _1 = _1 + 1; p _1 }
<internal:kernel>:168:in 'Kernel#loop': (irb):1: syntax error found (SyntaxError)
> 1 | [1, 2, 3].each { _1 = _1 + 1; p _1 }
| ^~ Can't assign to numbered parameter _1
However, combined assignment operators work without error:
irb(main):002> [1, 2, 3].each { _1 += 1; p _1 }
2
3
4
=> [1, 2, 3]
The root cause was an implementation difference between Prism (Ruby’s default parser since 3.3) and parse.y. Prism failed to enforce numbered parameter immutability for combined assignment operations, while the legacy parse.y parser correctly rejected these operations:
# $ ruby --parser 'parse.y' -e 'binding.irb'
irb(main):001> [1, 2, 3].each { _1 += 1; p _1 }
<internal:kernel>:168:in 'Kernel#loop': _1 is reserved for numbered parameter (SyntaxError)
The Fix
Commit d3fc56d ports Kevin Newton’s (kddnewton) fix from Prism. The update adds explicit checks when parsing combined assignment tokens (PM_TOKEN_#{op}_EQUAL) to reject any attempts to modify numbered parameters.
Simplified code snippet from the fix:
// In prism.c:
switch (token.type) {
// Cases for all combined assignment operators
case PM_TOKEN_PIPE_PIPE_EQUAL:
// ...other operator cases...
case PM_TOKEN_PLUS_EQUAL:
case PM_TOKEN_SLASH_EQUAL:
case PM_TOKEN_STAR_EQUAL:
case PM_TOKEN_STAR_STAR_EQUAL:
switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
// Check if we're trying to modify a numbered parameter
if (pm_token_is_numbered_parameter(node->location.start, node->location.end)) {
PM_PARSER_ERR_FORMAT(parser, node->location.start, node->location.end,
PM_ERR_PARAMETER_NUMBERED_RESERVED, node->location.start);
parse_target_implicit_parameter(parser, node);
}
}
// ...other cases...
}
// ...
}
What About it?
The it keyword intentionally has different behavior than numbered parameters for backward compatibility. While direct assignment (e.g. tap { it = 2; p it }) is currently allowed to avoid breaking legacy code, Ruby core developers encourage treating it as read-only for consistency with numbered parameters.
